Foreword

This article is about Almaarian Pronoun declension, covering personal, interrogative and demonstrative pronouns, with some examples of usage.

1. Personal Pronouns

a. Personal Pronoun Declension

First person singular
Nom: ir > I
Acc: mair > me
Dat: mjair > to me
Refl: mik > myself

First person Plural
Nom: irn > we
Acc: os > us
Dat: jos > to us
Refl: vik > ourselves

Second Person Singular
Nom: ur > you
Acc: ðún > you
Dat: ðjún > to you
Refl: ðik > yourself

Second Person Plural (polite)
Nom: urn (sair) > you (thou)
Acc: sair > you (thee)
Dat: sjair > to you
Refl: sik > yourselves (thyself)

Third Person Masculine Singular
Nom: dan > he
Acc: han > him
Dat: hjan > to him
Refl: sik > himself

Third Person Feminine Singular
Nom: de > she
Acc: hen > her
Dat: hjen > to her
Refl: sik > herself

Third Person Neuter Singular
Nom: da > it
Acc: eþ > it
Dat: jeþ > to it
Refl: sik > itself

Third Person Plural
Nom: ðeir > they
Acc: ðem > them
Dat: ðjem > to them
Refl: sik > themselves / themself

NOTE: the Reflective pronouns (mik, ðik & sik) are used when there is no Direct Object within a sentence.

Eg. Ðeir sik holmus lór.
They are going home.
Lit: they themselves to-home go
(Nom pron) (refl pron) (dat masc) (3rd person plural of ‘lóar’ = to go)

b. Possessive pronouns

First Person Singular (my / mine)
Masc: myr
Fem: myn
Neu: myrn

First Person Plural (our / ours)
Masc: myre
Fem: myne
Neu: myrne

Second Person Singular (your / yours)
Masc: ðyr
Fem: ðyn
Neu: ðyrn

Second Person Plural (your / yours / thine)
Masc: ðyre
Fem: ðyne
Neu: ðyrne

Third Person Masculine Singular (his)
Masc: har
Fem: han
Neu: harn

Third Person Feminine Singular (her / hers)
Masc: her
Fem: hen
Neu: hern

Third Person plural (their / theirs)
Masc: hære
Fem: hane
Neu: hærne


Possessive pronouns (or determiners) follow the noun they possess, and the nouns being possessed always take the definitive form.

Eng: This is my friend, Thomas.
Alm: Lyrn temanon myrn, Tómas.
Lit: this the-friend of-me, Thomas.
Gram: (Neuter demonstrative singular) (Neuter singular definite of ‘teman’ = friend) (1st Pers. Sing. Poss. Neuter) (Proper Noun)

In colloquial Almaarian, sentences where there is no direct noun usage since both parties know the subject matter being discussed, the neuter pronouns take their place, regardless of gender. Consider:

Thomas stole my ball!
Tómas bola myn stollend!

It’s mine and he stole it!
Da myrn hár ai stollend dan eþ!

Notice how ‘bola myn’ (feminine) became ‘da’ and ‘myrn’ (neuter) in the second sentence? This is very common.


2. Demonstrative Pronouns

Almaarian demonstratives do not change for noun case, but do change for plurality and gender. They can stand as a separate particle within a sentence:

Eng: This is a chair.
Alm: Lyn ei kurse hár.
Lit: This a chair is.
Gram: (Feminine singular demonstrative pronoun) (feminine indefinite article) (feminine Acc noun) (verb: 3rd person conjugation of ‘sebair’ = to be)

It can also be suffixed to a word, as a determiner:

Eng: This chair is red.
Alm: Kursirlyn roþ hár.
Lit: chair-this red is.
Gram: (Feminine nominative singular ‘kursir’ with near demonstrative suffix ‘-lyn’) (Neuter Accusative) (verb: 3rd person conjugation of ‘sebair’ = to be)

Near demonstrative pronoun (this)
Gender: singular / plural
Masculine: lyr / lyre
Feminine: lyn / lyne
Neuter: lyrn / lyrne

Far demonstrative pronoun (that)
Gender: singular / plural
Masculine: lár / láre
Feminine: lán / láne
Neuter: lárn / lárne

Distant demonstrative pronoun (not used in English)
Gender: singular / plural
Masculine: lovár / lováre
Feminine: lován / lováne
Neuter: lovárn / lovárne

It is easier to understand the application of the demonstrative pronouns when listed in association with their respective directional nouns.
English:
This / here
That / there
That* / yonder (since there is no proper English translation of ‘lovár’)

The Almaarian directional nouns do not change.

sí = here
sá = there
sovára = yonder.

Anything that is within reach of the speaker is ‘here.’ If it can be seen by the speaker, but out of reach, then it is ‘there.’ When talking about things that can’t be seen by the speaker, yonder is used.



3. The Interrogative Pronoun and other interrogatives:

The Almaarian interrogative pronoun is follows this declension table:

Nominative = hvair
Accusative = hvem
Dative = hvjem
Reflexive = hvik

As in English, Almaarian interrogatives help to form questions. However, word order can be confusing to non-native speakers.

In normal sentence form, word order is SOV. In cases where there is a grammatical time marker or other conjunction, the word order is rearranged to VSO. But the interrogative word order is SVO. Depending on the question being asked, the interrogative pronoun can be the subject or the object, or even, an indirect object.

Almaarian Interrogatives:
What = hvas
Where = hvor
When = hvan
Who = hver
Why = hværum
Which = hueltje
How = hví

Examples of usage:

Eng: Who stole the cookie?
Alm: Hver stollend bikiton?a
Lit: Who stole the-cookie?

This example is straightforward. Who is the subject, the cookie is the object. In Almaarian, the indirect object (dative) always comes before the direct object (accusative).

Eng: Who stole the cookie from the cookie jar?
Alm: Hvem stollend frá kjorisa bikiton?
Lit: who(nom) stole from the-jar(dat) the-cookie(acc)?

Now here’s where things start to get tricky.

Eng: How did they* steal it?
Alm:Hví stollend ma* eþ?
Lit: How stole one* how it?

* See section four.

Eng: Who did you give the book to?
Alm: Ur gjevt hvjem velumon?
Lit: You(nom) gave(verb) to-whom(dat) the-book(acc)


4. indefinite pronouns

in colloquial English, ‘they’ and ‘you’ can be used as an indefinite pronoun. Almaarian has its own indefinite pronoun which acts like like “man” in German.

indefinite singular pronoun
Nom: ma
Acc: an
Dat: mjan
Refl: måk

Possesive:
Masculine: mår/e
Feminine: mån/e
Neuter: mårn/e

In English, you can also use “some” which is the plural form. The Almaarian plural doesn’t change.

som

Examples of usage:

(for fans of LOTR)

Eng: One does not simply walk into Mordor.
Alm: Ma úmbre inn Mordors ne måk lofjusna.
Lit: One easily into Mordor not oneself not-walk
Gram: (Nominative indefinite pronoun) (adjective) (preposition) (Proper noun, Dative) (Neuter Negative article) (reflexive pronoun) (verb, 3rd person present tense conjugation of ‘fjusav’ with negative prefix).

Eng: Some would disagree.
Alm: Som ilbefinden sik.
Lit: Some not-agree themselves.
Gram: (indefinite pronoun plural) (verb: 3rd person singular future tense with negative prefix) (reflexive pronoun)

Eng: Some men never change.
Alm: Menzingr som nír sik einder.
Lit: men some never themselves change
Gram: (Masculine Accusative Plural of ‘manzur’) (indefinite pronoun adjective?) (preposition of time) (reflexive pronoun) (3rd pers plural verb conj of ‘eindair’ = to change.)


And that’s Almaarian Pronouns. Constructive criticism welcome!